Notes on the data
The data on this infographic show total announced public investments in quantum technology through 2023 by governments of countries/regions with more than US$1 billion in such announced investments. The data shown are approximate and are intended only as a rough metric for comparing among the various countries or regions. The exact investment timelines may differ.
For all countries/regions except China and the European Union, data are drawn principally from information published in the April 2024 Quantum Technology Monitor report of the consulting firm McKinsey & Co.
For the European Union, US$9.8 billion total includes about US$1 billion at the EU level (attributable to the EU Quantum Flagship program); additional sums for Germany (US$5.2 billion), France (US$2.2 billion) and the Netherlands (US$1.0 billion) as reported by McKinsey & Co.; and announced investments totaling approximately US$430 million by seven other EU member states (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy and Sweden) as reported by McKinsey & Co. and CIFAR.
For China—whose reporting practices have been referred to as “opaque,” and for which the magnitude of quantum investment is the subject of some debate—we have opted to present a range for the cumulative announced investment. These numbers are drawn from the news and market-intelligence source Quantum Insider, which in a 2023 report cited “confirmed funding” of US$4 billion (the low end shown here) but also noted that “many sources” have pointed to numbers greater than US$17 billion (the high end).
To provide a sense of the relative magnitude of these investments for the economies in question, we have divided each country/region’s investment by the same country/region’s gross domestic product for 2022 (the most recent year available) as presented by the World Bank.
References
J. Kung and M. Fancy. A Quantum Revolution: Report on Global Policies for Quantum Technology, CIFAR (April 2021).
Quantum Insider. Quantum Technology in China: 2023 Review (March 2023).
McKinsey & Co. Quantum Technology Monitor (April 2024).
World Bank. GDP by country/region (current-year US dollars), data.worldbank.org.
